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From the award- winning Bridge Engineering Handbook, Bridge Engineering: Construction and Maintenance takes an in- depth look at the construction engineering and maintenance aspects of steel and concrete bridges. Topics include effective project management, construction procedures and practices, construction and maintenance inspections and ratings, and bridge strengthening and rehabilitation. Bridge Engineering : Substructure Design(Principles and Applications in Engineering)(6,9. MB)By Wai- Fah Chen; Lian Duan, CRC Press, 2. Pages)ISBN : 0. 84. Book Description: Bridge Engineering: Substructure Design focuses on the various components comprising and affecting bridge substructures. These include bearings, piers and columns, towers, abutments and retaining structures, footings and foundations, and bridge hydraulics. For each component, the contributing author addresses the various types of that component, discusses specific selection or design criteria, and provides thorough references. Other relevant topics studied in this volume include geotechnical considerations, such as field exploration techniques and site characterization, and designing bridges to minimize the potential for and damage resulting from vessel collisions. Update Link alternatif(postingan sebelumnya) : Bridge Engineering : Seismic Design(Principles and Applications in Engineering)(5. MB)By Wai- Fah Chen; Lian Duan, CRC Press, 2. Pages)ISBN : 0. 84. Book Description: Mitigating the effects of earthquakes is crucial to bridge design. With chapters culled from the best- selling Bridge Engineering Handbook, this volume sets forth the principles and applications of seismic design, from the necessary geotechnical and dynamic analysis background to seismic isolation and energy dissipation, active control, and retrofit technology. In- depth discussions contributed by bridge and earthquake engineers from around the world cover the types and effects of earthquake damage and structural performance criteria. The book also includes an overview of seismic design practices in Japan, including a study of the damage to highway bridges caused by the Hyogo- ken Nanbu earthquake and the changes in retrofit practices precipitated by that earthquake. AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, 1. Ed(1. 6,0. 41 MB)By AASHTO, American Association of State Highway & Trans, 1. Pages)ISBN- 1. 0: 1. ISBN- 1. 3: 9. 78- 1. Book Description: The structural design standards used by state bridge engineers, engineering colleges and universities, and practicing engineers worldwide. Loose- leaf with three ring binder. Replaces the 1. 5th Edition and Interim Specifications- Bridges- 1. CONCRETE BRIDGE ENGINEERING: Performance and Advanced. By Robert J. Cope, Elsevier Science Pub. Co, 2. 00. 3 (3. 60 Pages)ISBN : 0. BRIDGE ENGINEERING(1. MB)By Jim J. Tonias, Mc. Graw- Hill Professional, 2. Pages)ISBN- 1. 0: 0. TEXTBOOK BETON BERTULANG : REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS(7,6. MB)By F. K. Kong, Routledge, 1. Pages)ISBN : 0. 21. Book Description: The contents of this book have been chosen with the following main aims: to review the present coverage of the major design codes and the CIRIA guide, and to explain the fundamental behaviour of deep beams; to provide information on design topics which are inadequately covered by the current codes and design manuals; and to give authoritative reviews of some powerful concepts and techniques for the design and analysis of deep beams. STRUCTURAL DETAILS in CONCRETE(7,4. MB)By M. Bangash, Blackwell Science Inc, 1. Pages)ISBN : 0. 63. XBook Description: Here the reader is given examples of some reinforced, composite and prestressed concrete bridges with simplified structural details. 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MB)By Wei- Wen Yu, Wiley- Interscience, 2. Pages)ISBN : 0. 47. Book Description: The definitive text in the field, thoroughly updated and expanded Hailed by professionals around the world as the definitive text on the subject, Cold- Formed Steel Design is an indispensable resource for all who design for and work with cold- formed steel. No other book provides such exhaustive coverage of both the theory and practice of cold- formed steel construction. Updated and expanded to reflect all the important developments that have occurred in the field over the past decade, this Third Edition of the classic text provides you with more of the detailed, up- to- the- minute technical information and expert guidance you need to make optimum use of this incredibly versatile material for building construction. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD: A Practical Course(1. MB)By Gui- Rong Liu; S. S. Quek, Elsevier, 2. Pages)ISBN : 0. 75. Book Description: The Finite Element Method (FEM) has become an indispensable technology for the modelling and simulation of engineering systems. Written for engineers and students alike, the aim of the book is to provide the necessary theories and techniques of the FEM for readers to be able to use a commercial FEM package to solve primarily linear problems in mechanical and civil engineering with the main focus on structural mechanics and heat transfer. Fundamental theories are introduced in a straightforward way, and state- of- the- art techniques for designing and analyzing engineering systems, including microstructural systems are explained in detail. Case studies are used to demonstrate these theories, methods, techniques and practical applications, and numerous diagrams and tables are used throughout. The case studies and examples use the commercial software package ABAQUS, but the techniques explained are equally applicable for readers using other applications including NASTRAN, ANSYS, MARC, etc. Full sets of Power. Point slides developed by the authors for their course on FEM are available as a free download from a companion website.* A practical and accessible guide to this complex, yet important subject* Covers modeling techniques that predict how components will operate and tolerate loads, stresses and strains in reality* Full set of Power. Point presentation slides which illustrate and support the book are available on a companion website. MEP Mekanikal Elektrikal Plambing: Maret 2. Tulisan ini merupakan ringkasan materi yang ada pada ASHRAE GRP1. COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATION MANUAL”. Sebelum diuraikan lebih lanjut, ada baiknya kita perhatikan terlebih dahulu hal- hal yang kemungkinan menjadi kendala dalam perhitungan Coolong load ini diantaranya sebagai berikut: 1. 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Minimnya informasi detail bangunan, misalnya ukuran pintu, kaca dan jendela, serta jenis bahan konstruksi yang digunakan tidak ada pada tabel, sehingga Faktor U harus dihitung terlebih dahulu. Kebanyakan penghitungan Cooling Load di buat pada saat bangunan tersebut belum ada, informasi yang ada biasanya hanya blue print atau gambar. Pada tahap ini biasanya terjadi banyak sekali perubahan perubahan disain arsitektur dan sehingga berpengaruh pada zona- zona pendinginan yang dirancang. Dan terkadang terjadi perubahan orientasi bangunan dan tata ruang. Ketelitian pengukuran dimensi panjang, luas dan volume ruangan yang akan di kondisikan, karena terkadang ruangan yang akan dikondisikan bentuknya tidak persegi atau tidak beraturan, hal ini memerlukan ketelitian pengukuran dan perhitungan. Perhitungan luas dinding luar, kaca, pintu dan jendela juga merupakan hal- hal yang memerlukan ketelitian pengukuran dan perhitungan. Belum pastinya jumlah populasi penghuni bangunan. Jika tidak ada denah interior seperti meja kursi yang secara spesifik dapat menunjukan banyaknya orang, maka biasanya digunakan pendekatan luas ruang per orang. Belum pastinya data. Karena untuk penerangan itu sendiri besarnya total daya lampu ditentukan oleh jenis dan kriteria rancangan penerangan. Antara ruangan yang satu dengan yang lain besar kriteria “Lux”nya biasanya tidak sama. Tentunya harus memiliki tabel. CLTD, yang akan dijadikan referensi penghitungan Cooling Load ini. Dan lain lain. Kendala kendala diatas biasanya memeperlambat proses penghitungan Cooling Load, Apalagi dengan banyaknya zona atau ruangan yang akan dihitung, sehingga semakin tebal pula buku laporan / cooling load calculation report. Disamping itu sempitnya waktu perencanaan maka terkadang diambil jalan pintas. Misalnya dengan mengkalkulasikan beban berdasarkan luas lantai dengan nilai Btu/h per m. Ton Refregerant untuk nilai meter persegi tertentu, misalnya 1 TR untuk 2. Penaksiran ini berdasarkan pengalaman proyek- proyek yang sebelumnya. Dan seringkali perhitungan cooling load secara mendetail dianggap sebagai hal yang terlalu teoritis atau dianggap tidak praktis oleh sebagian praktisi. Maka untuk mempermudah membuat hitungan Cooling load biasanya di gunakan perangkat lunak yang khusus dirancang untuk keperluan itu. Akan tetapi harga perangkat lunak itu sangat mahal harganya dan kadang kadang tidak ekonomis jika dibandingkan dengan nilai proyek yang dikerjakan. Terlepas dari masalah- masalah yang sering muncul tersebut, saya tuliskan pengenalan prinsip. Cooling Load Calculation dengan Metoda CLTD, yang menjadi dasar untuk pembuatan Detailed Engineering Design (DED) perancangan sistem tata udara dalam bangunan. Cooling Load Calculation. Tujuan Perhitungan beban pendinginan antara lain untuk. Radiasi sinar matahari melalui permukaan yang transparan seperti jendela. Konduksi kalor melalui dindingluar dan atap. Kalor yang dihasilkan didalam ruangan yang bersumber dari penghuni, penerangan, perlengakapan rumah tangga, peralatan dan berbagai macam proses. Penambahan panas yang lainnya. Jenis heat gain (penambahan panas) yaitu sensible dan laten. Secara sederhana, kalor sensibel itu adalah kalor yang diperlukan untuk membuat perubahan temperatur. Sedangkan kalor laten itu adalah kalor yang diperlukan untuk perubahan wujud suatu zat (air misalnya) tanpa terjadi perubahan temperatur. Selain itu perlu diperhatikan juga faktor keserempakan (diversity), secara umum faktor keserempakan di terapkan pada penghuni dan penerangan. Untuk banguan bangunan industrial, aplikasikan juga pada peralatan- peralatan. Juga waktu terjadi beban puncak, baik itu waktu terpanas dalam setaiap harinya atau pun bulan terpanas dalam setiap tahunnya. Biasanya penaksiran beban puncak harian dibuatkan “hourly analisys” dengan membuat profil. Komponen sensible cooling load dihasilkan dari specific load source untuk waktu yang diberikan dengan menggunakan faktor konversi dari tabel- tabel “Cooling Load Temperature Different” (CLTD) atau “Cooling Load Factor” (CLF). Informasi yang di butuhkan (Input)Input untuk External Load. Orientasi dan dimensi bagian- bagian bangunan. Konstruksi bahan- bahan untuk atap, dinding, plafon, partisi interior, lantai dan fenestrasi. Ukuran dan ruangan yang akan di kondisikan. Kondisi luar sekeliling. Input untuk Internal Load. Penerangan – daya terpasang, Incandescent atau fluorescent, jadwal penggunaan. Manusia – Jumlah, aktivitas, lama hunian, jadwal hunian. Peralatan internal – data name plate, lokasi, jadwal penggunaan, konsumsi listrik atau bahan bakar, hooded atau unhooded, banyaknya udara yang hembuskan atau di hisap. Input untuk Infiltrasi dan ventilasi. Cfm per orang dan atau per feet kubik. Exhaust fan – tipe, ukuran, kecepatan, cfm yang dihasilkan. Pintu- pintu dan jendela- jendela – lokasi, ukuran, jenis dan frekwensi pembukaan. Ringkasan Umum Formula Perhitungan Cooling Load. External load. Atapq = U x A x CLTDdimanaq : perpindahan panas rata. Btu/h)U : Koefisien perancangan perpindahan kalor (Btu/(hr. Selain dihitung secara manual, bisa juga dihitung dengan menggunakan BIM (building information modeling) dikombinasikan building energy load software seperti Carrier HAP E- 2. Mudah mudahan informasi diatas tadi bisa bermanfaat. Funeral Program Templates. Bifold and Trifold Templates. Bifold Funeral Program Templates; Trifold Funeral Program Templates; Large Tabloid Funeral Program Templates; Gatefold Funeral Program Templates; Graduated (Step) Fold. After suffering the loss of beloved one, making funeral program could be challenging task if you have no fair idea on what to write in it and how to design properly. However, great collection of free funeral program templates. 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Learn about the Georgia Voluntary Disclosure Program for those companies that have a sales and use tax liability - Wilson Lewis - Atlanta CPA Firm. Voluntary Disclosure Program North Carolina Department of Revenue Description of Program. The taxpayer cannot have previously participated in the Voluntary Disclosure Program. Benefits of Voluntary Disclosure. Audits & Voluntary Disclosure Program. Audit Guide; Electronic Funds Transfer Information (All payments over $10,000) Sample UP-51 Credit Balance Confirmation Letter; Voluntary Disclosure Agreement (VDA) and Worksheet; Home. Another Avenue for Resolving State Tax Delinquencies. Practical SALT Guidance, State Tax Controversy Options: In the past, I’ve written about and explained State Tax Amnesty programs. Not surprisingly, state tax amnesties have historically occurred in response to recessionary periods. 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As I also explained in my State Tax Amnesty post, the requirements to participate in a state amnesty vary from state to state. Therefore, even if an amnesty program will be available in your state in the near future, it’s possible that you or your business might not be eligible to participate. However, there is another avenue available to taxpayers to assist them in resolving their state tax delinquencies. A state’s Voluntary Disclosure Program. These programs, which are generally administered by a voluntary disclosure unit or designated group within a state's Department of Revenue, exist in virtually every state and are generally on- going (available all the time). The main objective of a voluntary disclosure program is very similar to that of an amnesty program; these programs encourages delinquent taxpayers to come forward and file and pay their delinquent state taxes. In exchange for the taxpayer’s voluntary disclosure, the state agrees to grant the taxpayer certain benefits and protections. Note that the level of formality of the programs varies from state to state. For instance, while many states do issue a formal binding agreement (an actual legal contract) which is signed by a state official and the taxpayer, other states simply send out a letter communicating to the taxpayer they have been accepted into the program and listing what the taxpayer must provide and by when. Although the exact benefits offered under the various voluntary disclosure programs vary from state to state and taxpayer to taxpayer, in general, the most significant benefits include a limited “look- back” period and a waiver of all applicable penalties. The “look- back” period refers to the number of prior years or periods a taxpayer will be required to report and pay tax on. For example, a three or four year look- back period is common for income tax and sales & use tax voluntary disclosures (although sales & use tax look- back periods are often expressed in months, e. A taxpayer who has tax delinquencies which relate to years prior to the a state's VD lookback period would be relieved from filing (and paying the associated tax) for all those prior years. This could represent a significant cash savings to a taxpayer who owes back taxes for many years. Receiving an abatement of penalties can also add up to significant cash savings, as accrued penalties can be substantial when tax liabilities remain unpaid for many years. Interest on unpaid taxes, however, is almost always required by the various state statutes and generally isn't abated. The first step in the voluntary disclosure process in most states involves a phone call or a letter to the voluntary disclosure unit or designated contact. Because most states do not require the actual name of the taxpayer during the initial communication with the state, a taxpayer’s representative can ferret out whether the taxpayer will meets the program’s eligibility requirements and might even be able to obtain a general idea of the benefits the taxpayer might receive. One of the main reasons a state offers voluntary disclosure, in addition to collecting undisclosed taxes that might have never been recovered by the state or that might have only been recovered through extensive collection efforts, is that the program brings new taxpayers onto the state’s tax rolls. This is because a typical eligibility requirement of many voluntary disclosure programs is that the taxpayer is voluntarily disclosing taxes that the taxpayer is not already registered for. Minnesota is one example of a state that allows voluntary disclosure even for registered taxpayers through its Track B program.) To complicate matters, a state may require that the taxpayer either come forward for every type of state tax (income, sale & use, etc.) that the taxpayer owes or that the taxpayer make an affirmative statement that they do not owe other types of tax. However, a taxpayer might not even realize that he owes other state taxes. This is because the various state “nexus” rules are complicated and a taxpayer may not realize that his activities in a state may have created a filing obligation and tax liability. Additionally, once a state has accepted the taxpayer’s request to participate in the voluntary disclosure program and has prepared the VDA for signature, the state may require completion of additional documents such as a nexus questionnaire, registration forms, or other documents. The responses on these other forms may be scrutinized by the state, and could, inadvertently subject the taxpayer to other taxes. Unfortunately, a taxpayer could end up owing other state taxes which they would need to file and pay outside of the protection offered through a VDA. Finally, some states, in particular those with structured programs, require that the various steps in the voluntary disclosure process be completed within short time- frames. For instance, once a taxpayer has come forward, been accepted into the program, and disclosed their identity, they may only have 3. Because the taxpayer has entered into a legal contract with the state, failing to comply with all the requirements of a VDA within the state’s timeframe could cause the VDA to become null and void, thereby extinguishing all the benefits and protections to the taxpayer. Sylvia's Summation. Similar to a state tax amnesty program, a state voluntary disclosure program allows delinquent taxpayers an avenue to come forward voluntarily and pay delinquent taxes. These programs are available in practically every state, but many of the specifics, such as the requirements to participate, the benefits of participating, the process to fulfill, and the time line for completing the process vary from state to state. Even within the same state, the benefits could vary from taxpayer to taxpayer as the voluntary disclosure process allows negotiation to occur. Finally, unlike tax amnesty programs, which only occur periodically, voluntary disclosure are on- going and allow taxpayers an opportunity to resolve their delinquencies on an anonymous basis through a taxpayer representative. If you or your business are concerned about unresolved state tax delinquencies, a discussion with your CPA, attorney or tax advisor regarding your state’s voluntary disclosure program could prove to be very beneficial. On this page you'll find a weblink to the Department of Revenue (Taxation) for all fifty states and the District of Columbia. Find out more about your particular state’s voluntary disclosure program by visiting your state’s Department of Revenue website. Dion, and also appeared in the January 3. Business Tax Advisor blog of All. Business. com (see side bar for more about her All. Business. com posts.) It has been reproduced in part as a State and Local Tax. Turn off Windows Customer Experience Improvement Program. This policy setting turns off the Windows Customer Experience Improvement Program. The Windows Customer Experience Improvement Program collects information about your hardware configuration and how you use our software and services to identify trends and usage patterns. Microsoft will not collect your name address or any other personally identifiable information. There are no surveys to complete no salesperson will call and you can continue working without interruption. It is simple and user- friendly. If you enable this policy setting all users are opted out of the Windows Customer Experience Improvement Program. If you disable this policy setting all users are opted into the Windows Customer Experience Improvement Program. If you do not configure this policy setting the administrator can use the Problem Reports and Solutions component in Control Panel to enable Windows Customer Experience Improvement Program for all users. How to disable the Customer Experience Improvement. Customer Experience Improvement Program. Improvement Program in Windows Vista is a. Change Customer Experience Improvement Program in the. Microsoft's Customer Experience Improvement Program and Exchange Server. One of the things I like most about Microsoft's approach to software engineering is the company's focus on making data- driven decisions. For an example, take a look at the Office 2. Ribbon. Love it or hate it, the Ribbon came about because we told Microsoft that's what we wanted through the Customer Experience Improvement Program. CEIP lets you choose to send usage data to Microsoft so the developers can get anonymous information about how their programs are being used. In the case of Office, CEIP data indicated exactly which commands were most often used, which were least used, and what order people tended to prefer for sequences of multiple commands. The Office team used the CEIP data to design the Ribbon, moving frequently used commands and sequences right out front where it would be easier to find them. CEIP isn't the same as Windows Error Reporting (WER), which was formerly known as Dr. WER's job is to report to Microsoft any errors in Windows components, drivers, and third- party applications so they can be analyzed for trends. CEIP, by contrast, gathers usage and configuration information at regular intervals, not just when there's a problem. There's a good blog entry, . The goal: Use the CEIP data to improve customer experience and drive planning for the next version of Exchange by gathering data in several high- impact areas. Microsoft's David Espinoza gave me some examples of the data items CEIP could potentially gather: How many users have turned on SMS notification? How many NDRs are generated, and for what reasons? How much latency exists between the time a user sends an SMS message and the time the phone picks it up from the Outbox? What are the most frequently observed cmdlet errors? What Exchange server roles are the most often installed in virtualized (VMware, Hyper- V) environments? As you can see, none of these issues are particularly sensitive (or even that interesting) for a particular site. However, in the aggregate, data items such as these give Microsoft a great deal of insight into what features customers are using, how well they're working, and where they could be improved. One of the lesser- known changes coming our way in Exchange 2. SP1 is an expanded set of data collected for CEIP. To help get the most from this change, Microsoft is asking everyone currently running Exchange 2. CEIP Customer Experience Improvement Program for. CEIP or Customer Experience Improvement Program for. This privacy statement explains the data collection and use practices for the Microsoft Customer Experience Improvement Program (CEIP). Sql Server Customer Experience Improvement Program is a. Windows Vista/7/8: Click Uninstall a Program. Sql Server Customer Experience Improvement. The Windows Customer Experience Improvement Program. Windows 7: How to disable/get rid of. How to disable/get rid of Application Experience. There are also 3 Customer Experience Improvement Program. Windows Customer Experience Improvement program which. Turn off Customer Experience Improvement in. Exchange 2. 01. 0 to turn on CEIP, so I thought I'd help spread the word. CEIP does come with some unfortunate baggage; many people understandably fear that software companies such as Microsoft will spy on them at the slightest opportunity. Witness all the FUD surrounding discussions of Windows activation, or the “Windows phone home” process, and you’ll see what I mean. For that reason, Microsoft leaves CEIP off by default. You can choose to enable it when installing Exchange, but it’s often left off by administrators who don’t understand what its purpose is. The simplest way to enable CEIP is through the Exchange Management Console (EMC): Select the Microsoft Exchange On- Premises node, then pick the Customer Feedback Options item. As you can see in the figure below, this method lets you select which servers you want to collect CEIP data from. Enabling CEIP through Exchange Management Console (EMC)You can accomplish the same thing using Exchange Management Shell (EMS) by using the following command: Set- Organization. Config - Customer. Feedback. Enabled: $true. However, after doing so you must also use. Set- Exchange. Server - Customer. Feedback. Enabled: $trueto cause individual servers to collect and send in CEIP data. Otherwise, you'll have enabled CEIP but no data will actually be gathered. CEIP data is extremely valuable in helping Microsoft plan and execute future versions of Exchange, so I encourage you to enable it on all your servers. Visual. SP » Using the built- in Approval Workflow template. Trainer / Consultant / Speaker / Author on all things Share. Point. Asif is a Share. Point Server MVP and MCT who loves the process of transferring his knowledge to others. Click here for Complete Bio. Merge SharePoint list data into predefined Word, Excel & PowerPoint document templates with NO CODE! I've a query here,,, In SharePoint 2013 list workflow, there is an option to save as template. But Approval workflow is not available there ( 'start approval process'). Creating SharePoint Workflow Solutions. SharePoint 2013 Custom Workflow, that would help to enable approval/publishing approval process on any list or library. Creating a Workflow on a List using SharePoint Designer 2010. While showing you how to create a list workflow. Create reusable workflows using SharePoint Designer 2010 and attach to Content Types.Buying after a Foreclosure: Homeownership is Possible. There’s no denying that foreclosure is a devastating process to go through, both financially and emotionally. Many times, families lose hope in their ability to ever successfully achieve homeownership again. Susan and Dave Edwards lost their home to foreclosure in 2010. Just two years later, they have bought a new place. Borrowers who lost homes to foreclosure during the housing bust are starting to buy again. Since the housing bubble burst, 4.8 million borrowers have lost their homes to foreclosure. While it is indeed accurate that FHA policy permits homeowners who experienced a foreclosure to obtain FHA financing three years after their foreclosure, they may only do so in accordance with FHA’s standard origination and underwriting guidelines. Homeowners who lost their homes to foreclosure are making their reappearance into the housing industry. Since 2007, when the housing crisis began, more than five million homeowners lost their homes and were unable to qualify for a mortgage. After seven years, the foreclosure is no longer on their. Homeownership Products Notice: The links on this page will direct you towards our home buyer website located at myohiohome.org. As the state's affordable housing leader, the Ohio Housing Finance Agency offers a variety of programs to help first-time. Facing Foreclosure: What Are My Options? You don't have to go it alone when you're fighting to keep your home. But even if you’re past that point, it doesn’t In the. Mortgage Programs Fair Housing FAQ’s Buyer Education Credit & Financial Education Housing Counseling First Time Buyer Seminars Avoiding Foreclosure Selling a Home Get the Tools You Need to Buy a Home in Maryland. First Time Home Buyers Network First time home buyers helpful tips ! Buying a home after short sale or foreclosure. One of the most popular loan programs for buying after foreclosure is an FHA loan. About the FHA Back To Work program. Streamline Programs; Loan Types. With the FHA Back To Work Program. At Neighbor. Works Orange County, we are here to tell you that homeownership is possible after a foreclosure. It won’t be an easy journey. From a credit standpoint, foreclosure is the most damaging way to get rid of a property. But you can overcome this challenge and become a homeowner again. Here’s how: Immediate Action Items The first step will be to finalize the foreclosure. Once you remove the monthly mortgage hit from your credit report, your credit can start the healing process. Then you need to assess your situation. We recommend sitting down with one of our counselors for help. The most important goal at this time is to understand what factors led to the foreclosure. Many of our clients face challenges such as a job loss, reduced hours at work, death, or a disability that contributed to the foreclosure. A counselor can help you pinpoint the factors specific to your situation. More importantly, a counselor can help you create a roadmap to recovery. All of our work is completed individually. We will never give you a cookie- cutter answer. Consider us part of your team. Our counselors start with a financial snapshot of your current situation: What other debt do you have? Was bankruptcy part of the foreclosure? What is your monthly income? What components are straining your budget? They will work with you to establish a budget. This is essential to financial recovery. They will help you analyze the areas of your budget that are tight, as well as areas where you have a little flexibility. The goal is to be realistic about what you can and cannot afford. Lastly, our financial experts work with you to identify your goals. Five to seven years down the road, where do you hope to be? Is homeownership part of that goal? Depending on your specific goals, we help to put together steps to achieve them. These also include reasonable timeframes and milestones to achieve along the way. Rebuilding Credit. Once you start your journey toward becoming financially fit, you can start to address your credit. Our counselors can help you approach your damaged credit. Starting out, you will work on three main aspects: Settling bad debt. Removing mistakes on your credit report. Getting current and paying off areas of your debt. It’s essential in repairing your credit that you have no late payments moving forward. It Takes Time. Know that it takes time to repair your credit. This will not be an overnight process. In fact, most times it will take years. The more time you can put between yourself and the foreclosure, the better it will be—emotionally and for repairing your credit. While each program has different requirements, the majority of the time it will be seven years before you can purchase a home. This gives you time to recover. As you work through this journey, we recommend working to achieve a minimum of 6. You will need three lines of credit in good standing that have been open for two years when you apply for a new mortgage. Additionally, you need to have some form of down payment. When you work with our counselors, they can help you find different down payment assistance programs that match your down payment. We are here to help throughout the entire journey. You may be starting this journey today. You may be several years in. You may even have worked with our counselors before and became discouraged. Whatever your current circumstances, we invite you to sit down with them today. Together we can help you on the path to achieving your goals today. NPN Common Emitter Amplifiers. The common emitter configuration lends itself to voltage amplification and is the most common configuration for transistor amplifiers. Common Emitter Amplifier and Transistor Amplifiers. We also saw that a family of curves known commonly as the Output Characteristic Curves, relate the transistors Collector current ( Ic ), to the Collector voltage ( Vce ) for different values of the transistors Base current ( Ib ). All types of transistor amplifiers operate using AC signal inputs which alternate between a positive value and a negative value so some way of “presetting” the amplifier circuit to operate between these two maximum or peak values is required. This is achieved using a process known as Biasing. Biasing is very important in amplifier design as it establishes the correct operating point of the transistor amplifier ready to receive signals, thereby reducing any distortion to the output signal. Related Products: Amplifier IC Development Boards and Kits . This is in fact the DC operating point of the amplifier and its position may be established at any point along the load line by a suitable biasing arrangement. The best possible position for this Q- point is as close to the center position of the load line as reasonably possible, thereby producing a Class A type amplifier operation, ie. Consider the Common Emitter Amplifier circuit shown below. Related Products: RF Amplifier Module . This type of biasing arrangement uses two resistors as a potential divider network across the supply with their center point supplying the required Base bias voltage to the transistor. Voltage divider biasing is commonly used in the design of bipolar transistor amplifier circuits. This method of biasing the transistor greatly reduces the effects of varying Beta, ( . The quiescent Base voltage (Vb) is determined by the potential divider network formed by the two resistors, R1, R2 and the power supply voltage Vcc as shown with the current flowing through both resistors.
ESE319 Introduction to Microelectronics 2008 Kenneth R. Lopresti 2006) update 29Sep08 KRL 1 Common Emitter BJT Amplifier Design Current Mirror Design. Common-Emitter Amplifier. How can one design a BJT amplifier only after one simple characteristic experiment? Maybe students are all brilliant or this subject is already covered in a. Design of a Common-Emitter BJT Ampli. Using a Q2N2222 BJT, design a common-emitter ampli Electronics Tutorial about the Common Emitter Amplifier and Transistor Amplifier Circuits including its Load. Introduction to the Amplifier; Common Emitter Amplifier; Common Source JFET. Completed Common Emitter. Then the total resistance RT will be equal to R1 + R2 giving the current as i = Vcc/RT. The voltage level generated at the junction of resistors R1 and R2 holds the Base voltage (Vb) constant at a value below the supply voltage. Then the potential divider network used in the common emitter amplifier circuit divides the supply voltage in proportion to the resistance. This bias reference voltage can be easily calculated using the simple voltage divider formula below: Bias Voltage. The same supply voltage, (Vcc) also determines the maximum Collector current, Ic when the transistor is switched fully “ON” (saturation), Vce = 0. The Base current Ib for the transistor is found from the Collector current, Ic and the DC current gain Beta, . Beta has no units as it is a fixed ratio of the two currents, Ic and Ib so a small change in the Base current will cause a large change in the Collector current. One final point about Beta. Transistors of the same type and part number will have large variations in their Beta value for example, the BC1. NPN Bipolar transistor has a DC current gain Beta value of between 1. Beta is a characteristic of their construction and not their operation. Bjt Common Emitter Amplifier Pdf FilesAs the Base/Emitter junction is forward- biased, the Emitter voltage, Ve will be one junction voltage drop different to the Base voltage. If the voltage across the Emitter resistor is known then the Emitter current, Ie can be easily calculated using Ohm’s Law. The Collector current, Ic can be approximated, since it is almost the same value as the Emitter current. Common Emitter Amplifier Example No. A common emitter amplifier circuit has a load resistance, RL of 1. Calculate the maximum Collector current (Ic) flowing through the load resistor when the transistor is switched fully “ON” (saturation), assume Vce = 0. Also find the value of the Emitter resistor, RE if it has a voltage drop of 1v across it. Calculate the values of all the other circuit resistors assuming an NPN silicon transistor. This then establishes point “A” on the Collector current vertical axis of the characteristics curves and occurs when Vce = 0. When the transistor is switched fully “OFF”, their is no voltage drop across either resistor RE or RL as no current is flowing through them. Then the voltage drop across the transistor, Vce is equal to the supply voltage, Vcc. This establishes point “B” on the horizontal axis of the characteristics curves. Generally, the quiescent Q- point of the amplifier is with zero input signal applied to the Base, so the Collector sits about half- way along the load line between zero volts and the supply voltage, (Vcc/2). Therefore, the Collector current at the Q- point of the amplifier will be given as: This static DC load line produces a straight line equation whose slope is given as: - 1/(RL + RE) and that it crosses the vertical Ic axis at a point equal to Vcc/(RL + RE). The actual position of the Q- point on the DC load line is determined by the mean value of Ib. As the Collector current, Ic of the transistor is also equal to the DC gain of the transistor (Beta), times the Base current (. Resistors, R1 and R2 can now be chosen to give a suitable quiescent Base current of 4. The current flowing through the potential divider circuit has to be large compared to the actual Base current, Ib, so that the voltage divider network is not loaded by the Base current flow. A general rule of thumb is a value of at least 1. Ib flowing through the resistor R2. Transistor Base/Emitter voltage, Vbe is fixed at 0. V (silicon transistor) then this gives the value of R2 as: If the current flowing through resistor R2 is 1. Base current, then the current flowing through resistor R1 in the divider network must be 1. Base current. The voltage across resistor R1 is equal to Vcc – 1. VRE + 0. 7 for silicon transistor) which is equal to 1. V, therefore R1 can be calculated as: The value of the Emitter resistor, RE can be easily calculated using Ohm’s Law. The current flowing through RE is a combination of the Base current, Ib and the Collector current Ic and is given as: Resistor, RE is connected between the Emitter and ground and we said previously that it has a voltage of 1 volt across it. Then the value of RE is given as: So, for our example above, the preferred values of the resistors chosen to give a tolerance of 5% (E2. Then, our original Common Emitter Amplifier circuit above can be rewritten to include the values of the components that we have just calculated above. Completed Common Emitter Circuit. Coupling Capacitors. In Common Emitter Amplifier circuits, capacitors C1 and C2 are used as Coupling Capacitors to separate the AC signals from the DC biasing voltage. This ensures that the bias condition set up for the circuit to operate correctly is not effected by any additional amplifier stages, as the capacitors will only pass AC signals and block any DC component. The output AC signal is then superimposed on the biasing of the following stages. Also a bypass capacitor, CE is included in the Emitter leg circuit. This capacitor is an open circuit component for DC bias meaning that the biasing currents and voltages are not affected by the addition of the capacitor maintaining a good Q- point stability. However, this bypass capacitor short circuits the Emitter resistor at high frequency signals and only RL plus a very small internal resistance acts as the transistors load increasing the voltage gain to its maximum. Generally, the value of the bypass capacitor, CE is chosen to provide a reactance of at most, 1/1. RE at the lowest operating signal frequency. Output Characteristics Curves. Ok, so far so good. We can now construct a series of curves that show the Collector current, Ic against the Collector/Emitter voltage, Vce with different values of Base current, Ib for our simple common emitter amplifier circuit. These curves are known as the “Output Characteristic Curves” and are used to show how the transistor will operate over its dynamic range. A static or DC load line is drawn onto the curves for the load resistor RL of 1. Likewise when the transistor is fully “ON” and saturated the Collector current is determined by the load resistor, RL and this is point A on the line. We calculated before from the DC gain of the transistor that the Base current required for the mean position of the transistor was 4. We could quite easily make life easy for ourselves and round off this value to 5. We need to find the maximum and minimum peak swings of Base current that will result in a proportional change to the Collector current, Ic without any distortion to the output signal. As the load line cuts through the different Base current values on the DC characteristics curves we can find the peak swings of Base current that are equally spaced along the load line. These values are marked as points N and M on the line, giving a minimum and a maximum Base current of 2. This then gives us a theoretical maximum input signal to the Base terminal of 6. It can be seen that the Collector- emitter voltage is in anti- phase (- 1. As the Base current Ib changes in a positive direction from 5. In other words the output signal is 1. Common Emitter Voltage Gain. The Voltage Gain of the common emitter amplifier is equal to the ratio of the change in the input voltage to the change in the amplifiers output voltage. But voltage gain is also equal to the ratio of the signal resistance in the Collector to the signal resistance in the Emitter and is given as: We mentioned earlier that as the signal frequency increases the bypass capacitor, CE starts to short out the Emitter resistor. Then at high frequencies RE. The transistors semiconductor material offers an internal resistance to the flow of current through it and is generally represented by a small resistor symbol shown inside the main transistor symbol. Transistor data sheets tell us that for a small signal bipolar transistors this internal resistance is the product of 2. V. At high frequency, the bypass capacitor shorts out the Emitter resistor leaving only the internal resistance Re in the Emitter leg resulting in a high gain. |
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